Generation of computer 1st to 5th

Computer generation is a change in technology. Initially, the term generation was used to distinguish between hardware technologies. But lately, the generation has both hardware and software that together have been incorporated into a complete computer system.

The generation of computers can be divided into five parts:

First Generation (1951-1959)

•             Large in size and generates a lot of heat,

•             Very little memory,

•             Made with the vacuum tube,

•             Memory magnetic drum,

•             Running programs using code,

•             Mechanical malfunction, maintenance and power consumption of this 

              computer is high and,

•             Programs were written in mechanical language on this generation of 

              computers.

Second Generation (1959-1975)

•             The main parts of the circuit could be made on separate boards using 

               module design,

•             More reliability, greater capacity and ease of data transfer,

•             Small in size, high speed and low power and heat generation,

•             Made by transistors and memory magnet cores and,

•             Programs were written in assembly language.

Third Generation (1985-1981)

•             Invention of various types of advanced memory systems,

•             Widely integrated circuit use,

•             The power consumption is low and the size is small,

•             Writing programs in high language start from the third-generation 

               computer.

Fourth Generation (1981-present)

•             Use of advanced chips and miniature computers,

•             Huge amount of memory and extremely fast and,

•             Data exchange using telecommunication lines.

Fifth Generation (Future Generation)

•             This type of computer can make 10-15 crore logical decisions per 

               second,

•             Can be communicated through words. As a result, this generation of

               computers will be able to  hear and talk,

•             For the application of artificial intelligence. Is used. As a result, the 

              computer saves experience  in decision making Be able to use,

•             Be able to receive data from visual input or images.

 

Here the time range and features of computer generation will be discussed in detail:

 A) First generation computer:

As mentioned earlier, the word computer today means a set of devices, large and small. And to keep this computer was to leave a fairly large room. Larger vacuum tubes were needed to be used as circuits, and many magnetic drums were used for memory. Maintaining these computers was also extremely costly, as a lot of electrical energy was required to run these devices. 

 

In addition, the computer system would often be crippled due to a large amount of heat generated. Computer services at that time were completely dependent on machine language. The programming language was so basic that it was almost impossible to give more than one command or instruction at a time. As a result, it was not possible to solve more than one problem at a time. 

 

The computer operator had to spend days, weeks, or even months in some cases to input new problems. Those inputs were based on punch cards and paper. The solution to the problem would come out on printed paper.

 

UNIVAC and ENIAC were two first-generation computer systems. The U.S. Census Bureau began using UNIVAC computers in 1951 for their census work. This was the first computer system to be sold on a commercial basis.

Features:

Use of electronic circuit with a vacuum tube.

Magnetic drum memory.

Limited data capacity.

Huge in size and easily portable.

Suitable input-output tools for punchcards.

Maintenance and heating problems are big difficulties.

Examples: IBM 704, IBM 709

B) Second generation computer:

Although transistors were invented at Bell Labs in 1946, towards the end of the first generation, they became very popular in the late '50s. At this time the use of transistors was introduced on a commercial basis instead of vacuum tubes. The use of transistors ushered in a revolutionary change in the computer world. 

 

A convenient change in the size, volume, speed, price of the computer came due to the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. But the problem of generating too much heat remained. 

 

At this time, sign language was introduced instead of binary mechanical language. With the advent of this computer language called an assembly, programmers began to get a lot of benefits in providing instructions. In this generation, early programming languages called COBOL and FORTRAN were created to provide guidance to computers. The use of magnetic cores instead of magnetic drums in the case of computer memory or memory successfully introduced a storage system.

 

Early computers of this generation were mainly used in the nuclear power industry.

 

Features:

Use of transistors.

Magnetic core memory.

High-speed input-output equipment.

The emergence of higher languages, including Fortran and Kobal.

Shape contraction.

End of heat problem.

Improving speed and reliability.

Example:

IBM 1400, IBM 1620

C) Third generation computer:

In this generation, the size and volume of the transistor began to get smaller and smaller. Silicon chips, known as semiconductors, were introduced as a combination of many tiny transistors. This ‘use of aggregate circuits’ is perfect for computer concepts in terms of speed and efficiency Changed. 

 

Instead of punch cards and paper printing systems, one by one came the world of computers with keyboards, monitors and an operating system for operating computers. This created an environment where you could run multiple applications at once instead of one. There the operating system could control the memory as central management. 

 

Compared to any previous time, the size of the computer has become much more personal friendly in this generation. The price of a computer is very affordable. It is at this time that the computer revolution that we see today began.

Features:

Use of integrated circuits.

Use of semiconductors.

Shape contraction and greater dependence.

The advantage of using multiple users at the same time.

Extensive use of high-level languages.

Introduction of monitors.

Introduction of a mini-computer.

VDU (Video Display Unit) and high-speed line printers were introduced as output.

Example:

IBM 360, IBM 370

D) Fourth generation computer:

Instead of the big devices that a whole house needed in the first generation, this generation has seen a small microprocessor that sticks to the palm of the hand. This microprocessor is made up of thousands of ‘collective circuits’ sitting on a small silicon chip. 

 

One such microprocessor that came on the market in 1971 was the Intel 4004 chip, which can control the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory and all inputs and outputs with just one chip.

 

IBM launched the first computer for personal use in 1981. Two years later, a company called Apple came on the market with Macintosh. Not just desktop computers, but microprocessors have been used in almost every device used in daily life. 

 

Microprocessors changed the whole electronics world. Extensive research on making small computers began at this time. A network system was created to bring together computers used in the office.

This network system later gave birth to an independent internet system, which is an essential part of our lives today.

 

Features:

The emergence of microprocessors.

Prices are lower but capacity is higher.

The advantage of applying the program package directly.

The advantage of working on the table.

Opportunity for use by ordinary people.

Example:

 

IBM 3033, IBM PC

E) Fifth generation computer:

Extensive research on artificial intelligence has started in the fifth generation of computers. The result of research on how to use this intelligence to provide commands or instructions in gadgets used in our daily lives, especially on computers and mobiles, is ‘Voice Recognition’. 

 

Companies like Microsoft, Google and Apple are successfully providing this facility on their PCs and smartphones. The use of superconductors in computers has made it faster than at any time in the past. The Parallel Processing facility is helping to do many things together in a matter of moments. 

 

In addition, scientists are currently working day and night on quantum computation, molecular and nanotechnology. If the desired success is achieved in these fields, both the current size and the size of the computer will change completely in the coming days. Research on ‘robotic computing’ is also ongoing. The future of the computer in the days to come is to fully recognize the normal language and conversation of the people, the computer has its own learning system and its own repairability.

 

Features:

The use of artificial intelligence.

Use of more rich microprocessors.

Use of optical fiber in circuits.

Understanding the instructions given through the voice.

Development of supercomputers.

Massive improvement in data capacity.

Super VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) chip has been introduced.

KIPS (Knowledge Information Processing System) is being used.